NOTES(2)

 Assume the previous function was a wrong example of how a student could be expected to study just to pass in the merits they do more work for nothing essentially to make a good grade. This is an example in which the student is likely able to have at least a chance because they are given expectations direct like questions or what will be covered on the test directly! And simply allows the student to actually access and answer these  questions well!

Polis

A polis (plural: poleis) was the typical structure of a community in the ancient Greekworld. A polis consisted of an urban centre, often fortified and with a sacred centre built on a natural acropolis or harbour, which controlled a surrounding territory (chora) of land. The ancient Greeks did not always refer to Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and other poleis as such; they often spoke instead of the Athenians, Lacedaemonians, Thebans and so on. The body of citizens came to be the most important meaning of the term polis in ancient Greece.

Ionian Awakening

During the 6th century BCE, Ionia became the focus of the intellectual life of Greece, a period known as the “Ionian awakening”, a name for the initial phase of classical Greek civilization.   Using the sea as a highway, which was much cheaper, faster, and more efficient than transport by land, the Greeks expanded and developed in a such a way that conflict with a major power became inevitable. The Greco-Italian-Sicilian trading route that the Greeks controlled competed more and more with the Oriental Indo-Persian-Phoenician and this commercial rivalry set the stage for war. Ionia was the initial setting of the Greco-Persian wars. Thus the Ionian Revolt constituted the first major conflict between Greece and the Persian Empire, and as such represents the first phase of the Greco-Persian Wars. Although Asia Minor had been brought back into the Persian fold, Darius vowed to punish Athens and Eretria for their support of the revolt.

Solon

The Solonian Constitution was created by Solon in the early 6th century BC. ... Solon promulgated a code of laws embracing the whole of public and private life, the salutary effects of which lasted long after the end of his constitution. Under Solon's reforms, all debts were abolished and all debt-slaves were freed. Solon was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term, yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.

Cleisthenes

Cleisthenes was an ancient Athenian lawgiver credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508 BC. For these accomplishments, historians refer to him as "the father of Athenian democracy."

Athenian statesman and member of the exiled Alcmaeonidae aristocracy. Before his rise around 510 B.C., Athenian governance was left to aristocratic families who represented the wealthy.

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

Although there were Greek philosophers before their respective births, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the only three worth focusing on during this period. Socrates, born in Athens in 470 BC, is often credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy.

Socrates was Plato's teacher, Aristotle learned at Plato's Academy, and Aristotle was the well-paid tutor of Alexander the Great. The famous Greek philosophers and the famous Greek philosopher-king (of sorts) all had a student-teacher relationship.

The theory of Forms / theory of Ideas is Plato's argument that non-physical (but substantial) forms (or ideas) represent the most accurate reality. Socrates (469-399 B.C.) was a classical Greek philosopher who is credited with laying the fundamentals of modern Western philosophy. He is known for creating Socratic irony and the Socratic method (elenchus).  His "Socratic method," laid the groundwork for Western systems of logic and philosophy. When the political climate of Greece turned, Socrates was sentenced to death by hemlock poisoning in 399 BC. Aristotle (c. 384 B.C. to 322 B.C.) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist who is still considered one of the greatest thinkers in politics, psychology and ethics. ... In 335, Aristotle founded his own school, the Lyceum, in Athens, where he spent most of the rest of his life studying, teaching and writing

Aristotle (384—322 B.C.E.) Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates.

Twelve Tables

The Laws of the Twelve Tables, c.450 B.C. The earliest attempt by the Romans to create a code of law was the Laws of the Twelve Tables. A commission of ten men (Decemviri) was appointed (c. 455 B.C.) to draw up a code of law binding on both patrician and plebeian and which consuls would have to enforce. According to Greek tradition, the Law of the Twelve Tables was the legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. The Tables consolidated earlier traditions into an enduring set of laws. Displayed in the Forum, "The Twelve Tables" stated the rights and duties of the Roman citizen

Diocletian’s Reforms

Diocletian, born Diocles, was a Roman emperor from 284 to 305. Born to a family of low status in Dalmatia, Diocletian rose through the ranks of the military to become Roman cavalry commander to the Emperor Carus. After the deaths of Carus and his son Numerian on campaign in Persia, Diocletian was proclaimed emperor. He revived the crumbling empire through a number of reforms. His military reforms strengthened the army and restored imperial control over the generals. His economic reforms began compensating for devalued currency.

Diocletian (c. 240-311 CE) ruled the Roman Empire from 284 to 305 CE, during which time he revived the crumbling empire through a number of reforms. His military reforms strengthened the army and restored imperial control over the generals. His economic reforms began compensating for devalued currency.

Battle of Teutoburg Forest

The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, described as the Varian Disaster by Roman historians, took place in the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE, when an alliance of Germanic tribes ambushed and decisively destroyed three Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus. At the Battle of Teutoburg Forest (aka Battle of Varus), c. 9 CE, a combined force of Germans annihilated a Roman army consisting of three legions including three squadrons of cavalry and six cohorts of auxiliary troops. As some soldiers must have been left behind to defend summer camps, the army probably held 10,000 to 15,000 men or roughly 8 to10 % of the total Roman army.  Arminius, leader of German Forces was not able to recruit all the chieftains and despite being outnumbered one to two-the Germans defeated the Romans.

The sources do not mention the size of the German army. Based on the size of the catchment area, and the fact that Arminius, leader of the German forces, was not able to recruit all chieftains, it is likely that the Germans were heavily outnumbered, perhaps 1:2.

Edict of Milan

During the reign of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great (AD 306–337),Christianity began to transition to the dominant religion of the Roman Empire.

The Edict of Milan, a proclamation that permanently established religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman Empire. It was the outcome of a political agreement concluded in Milan between the Roman emperors Constantine I and Licinius.  As well it decriminalized Christian worship. . The letter was issued in February, 313 AD, shortly after the emperor Diocletian and stopped the unfair treatment of Christians.

The Edict of Milan was a letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire

. ... In313, Constantine and Licinius issued the Edict of Milan decriminalizing Christianworship.

Council of Nicaea

The First Council of Nicaea was the first ecumenical council of the Church. The First   was a council of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325. Constantine I organized the council along the lines of the Roman Senate and presided over it. However did not cast any official vote yet took part in discussions. Most significantly the council resulted in the first uniform Christian doctrine called the Nicene Creed.